Vollkommen unverdaute, zusammenhangslose Zitate zum Thema Gehirn
Merkblatt_Taxonomiestufen nach Bloom.pdf (Größe: 88,06 KB / Downloads: 328)
Zitat:It matters hugely which nutrients we put on the table. In a preliminary study of 166 patients, Isaacson has found that as little as six months of a diet rich in fresh vegetables and light on carbohydrates can attenuate memory decline in those at risk, speed up mental processing, and boost executive function, including inhibitory control and attention. The diet includes fatty fish but no more than one serving of red meat a week—and then only grass-fed. When patients eat is as important as what they eat; meals must leave room for at least a 12-hour carbohydrate fast overnight.
Zitat:Whether or not subjects had risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease, such as a family history of the disorder, Mosconi found a firm correlation: The higher the intake of vitamin B12, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids, the lower the load of brain amyloid and the greater the brain volume and glucose metabolism. And consumption of foods rich in vitamin E, mono- and polyunsaturated fats, carotenoids, vitamins A and C, and fiber all positively affected glucose metabolism. Conversely, both brain volume and metabolism were lowest among those who consumed the most saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and sodium,
Zitat:Few in the brain business doubt that the Mediterranean diet is good. But the MIND diet may be even better. Developed by Martha Clare Morris, a nutritional epidemiologist at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, it bears the formal name Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay and incorporates only those foods shown by “compelling scientific evidence” to be neuroprotective.
It prominently features green leafy vegetables and recommends at least one serving of them every day, along with two other vegetable servings. In year-long trials of the diet Morris has conducted to deter decline among those at risk for Alzheimer’s disease, green leafy veggies—good sources of carotenoids, the B vitamin folate, vitamin E, and polyphenols—had the highest positive correlation with brain function. “The rate of decline among those who consumed one to two servings per day was the equivalent of being 11 years younger in age, compared with those who rarely or never consumed green leafy vegetables,” Morris found. Also high on the recommended list are berries (the only fruit to pass the evidence test); cruciferous vegetables; yellow veggies, rich in antioxidant-heavy carotenoids; along with nuts, beans, whole grains, poultry, extra-virgin olive oil, and wine.
Zitat:Isaacson deploys the MIND diet and adjusts it to the idiosyncrasies of individual biology—more omega-3–rich foods for those at cardiovascular risk because of high triglyceride levels, more vitamin D consumption for people with two copies of the ApoE4 gene. But just as important as what people eat is when: for at least 12 hours overnight, five nights a week, no carbohydrates at all. Carbohydrate restriction shunts the brain onto its backup fuel, ketone. There is evidence that fasting resets the machinery of glucose utilization, starting with the elaborate systems the body has for sensing the availability of nutrients. “The data suggest that the very earliest changes in Alzheimer’s disease are those affecting glucose,” says neuroscientist Gary Gibson, and they occur especially early—in young adulthood—in those who carry the ApoE4 gene. “Glucose changes are very highly correlated with cognitive changes.”
Zitat:For many people, having lucid dreams is fun, and they want to learn how to have more or to induce them at will. One finding from early experimental work was that high levels of physical (and emotional) activity during the day tend to precede lucidity at night.
Zitat:While awake, subjects viewed images that fell into the same categories they had reported dreaming about, such as human faces or furniture. While they viewed the images, the researchers recorded their neural activity.http://www.browndailyherald.com/2013/04/...ad-dreams/
The team was able to use the data to construct a computer algorithm for each individual that paired particular brain activation states with corresponding visual imagery, with an accuracy of 60 percent, according to the study.
“There’s something in common between what goes on in dreaming and what goes on in perception,” [...]
Tamaki said she hopes this research can eventually be expanded so that researchers can create more generalized algorithms to decode the dreams of a large number of people. Such a decoding mechanism could potentially help reveal the unconscious thoughts of coma patients, she said.
Zitat:Tsai and Emery Brown, the Edward Hood Taplin Professor of Medical Engineering and Computational Neuroscience, a member of the Picower Institute, and an author of the paper, came up with the idea of using an external stimulus — in this case, light — to drive gamma oscillations in the brain. The researchers built a simple device consisting of a strip of LEDs that can be programmed to flicker at different frequencies.
Using this device, the researchers found that an hour of exposure to light flickering at 40 hertz enhanced gamma oscillations and reduced beta amyloid levels by half in the visual cortex of mice in the very early stages of Alzheimer’s. However, the proteins returned to their original levels within 24 hours.
Zitat:Furthermore, the researchers found that gamma rhythms also reduced another hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease: the abnormally modified Tau protein, which can form tangles in the brain.
Zitat:The researchers also performed studies to try to figure out how gamma oscillations exert their effects. They found that after gamma stimulation, the process for beta amyloid generation is less active. Gamma oscillations also improved the brain’s ability to clear out beta amyloid proteins, which is normally the job of immune cells known as microglia.
“They take up toxic materials and cell debris, clean up the environment, and keep neurons healthy,” Tsai says.
In Alzheimer’s patients, microglia cells become very inflammatory and secrete toxic chemicals that make other brain cells more sick. However, when gamma oscillations were boosted in mice, their microglia underwent morphological changes and became more active in clearing away the beta amyloid proteins
Zitat:Practitioners understand “meditation,” or mental training, to be a process of familiarization with one's own mental life leading to long-lasting changes in cognition and emotion. Little is known about this process and its impact on the brain. Here we find that long-term Buddhist practitioners self-induce sustained electroencephalographic high-amplitude gamma-band oscillations and phase-synchrony during meditation. These electroencephalogram patterns differ from those of controls, in particular over lateral frontoparietal electrodes. In addition, the ratio of gamma-band activity (25-42 Hz) to slow oscillatory activity (4-13 Hz) is initially higher in the resting baseline before meditation for the practitioners than the controls over medial frontoparietal electrodes. This difference increases sharply during meditation over most of the scalp electrodes and remains higher than the initial baseline in the postmeditation baseline. These data suggest that mental training involves temporal integrative mechanisms and may induce short-term and long-term neural changes.
Zitat:RESULTS:
Our results showed that alcohol, tobacco smoke, or their combination improved the long-term memory evaluated by the memory index in rats. Moreover, alcohol and tobacco coadministration decreased bromodeoxyuridine-labeled cells by 60% when compared to the control group, while alcohol treatment decreased labeled cells by 40%. The tobacco group showed a nonsignificant 26% decrease in labeled cells compared to the control group.
Zitat:CONCLUSIONS:
Chronic alcohol and tobacco coadministration improves the long-term memory in rats in the inhibitory avoidance test. However, coadministration decreases the cell proliferation in the hippocampus of rats, suggesting a deleterious effect by the combined use of these drugs of abuse.
Zitat:“Put simply, the shared resources are part of the task rather than the stimulus… What this study suggests is that if you’re considering information that contradicts your view, viewing a Necker cube will put you in a state-of-mind that will make insights or creative solutions more likely.”
Zitat:Ferrarelli et al. 169 found that long-term medita-tors had increased parietal-occipital EEG gammapower (25–40 Hz) during whole-night NREM sleepcompared to nonmeditating controls. Increasedgamma was positively correlated with the length of lifetime daily meditation practice (Spearman’s = 0.475, P < 0.02).
Zitat: Although there was nooverall treatment effect on sleep duration, average(diary) total sleep at posttreatment was negatively correlated with minutes of daily practice, so thatmore meditation was associated with less sleep(Fig. 2A–D).
Zitat:Other studies have begun to assess the effects of daily meditation practice on sleep duration out-side a retreat context. Kaul et al.55 measured 15days of diary-reported sleep in a small sample of experienced Indian meditators (n = 7) who prac-tice focused (breath) awareness techniques 1.5–3.5h/day (for at least 3 years) compared to matchednonmeditatingcontrols( n = 23).Sleepdiariesindi-cated a significantly shorter average nocturnal sleepdurationinmeditatorsthancontrols(5.2hvs.7.8h, P < 0.00001).
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